Our Inherited Dysfunction

From the Yoga Sutras:

Atha yoganusanam Y.S. I.1
With prayers for divine blessings, now begins an exposition of the sacred art of yoga.

Yogah cittavrtti nirodhah Y.S. I.2
Yoga is the cessation of the fluctuations of the mind.

Tada drastuh svarupe avasthanam Y.S. I.3
Then, the seer dwells in his own true splendor.

Vrtti sarupyam itaratra Y.S. I.4
At other times the seer identifies with the fluctuating consciousness.

In A New Earth, Tolle explains a core insight that is common to most ancient religions and spiritual traditions. That is the idea of a basic problem or dysfunction of the human mind. (see Y.S. I.4 above)

In the yogic texts of Hinduism this problem is referred to as maya, or the veil of delusion. I often talk about this in class. It comes from the Yoga Sutras and describes the kleshas, or the five afflictions of the mind. These are the citta vrttis of the mind from Y.S. I.2 above. The first, and most important of these is avidya, or not seeing things clearly.

Avidya asmita raga dvesha abhinivesha klesha. Y.S. II.3
Avidya – ignorance
asmita – self-centeredness
raga – attachment
dvesha – aversion
abhinivesha –fear of death
klesha – afflictions, impediments, obstacles

The five afflictions which disturb the equilibrium of consciousness are: ignorance or lack of wisdom, ego, pride of the ego or the sense of “I”, attachment to pleasure, aversion to pain, fear of death and clinging to life.

In Buddhism this fundamental problem is referred to as suffering, or dukkha. The important thing to remember about dukkha is that it will manifest in every situation, good or bad, sooner or later.

According to Christian teachings, there is the idea that we are all born with an “original sin” (fundamental problem). Over time the word has come to mean that we did something that was bad, and maybe on purpose. But Tolle points out that the original meaning of the word, from the ancient Greek, in which the New Testament was written, means to miss the mark, or to miss the point. It means to live unskillfully and thus to cause suffering.

Tolle points out a lot of suffering in the world is caused by this first delusion. He calls this the bad news. This first problem is the cause of destructive, cruel wars motivated by fear, greed and the desire for power which have been common occurrences throughout human history, as have slavery, torture and widespread violence inflicted for religious and ideological reasons. As you can see from the sutra above that the rest of the kleshas follow from the first. You cannot eradicate the other four without acknowledging the first.

Often we are unaware of these states in ourselves or others. We cannot see when we are motivated by fear, greed or the desire for power. We are simply aware that we are suffering.  These are symptoms of the inner dysfunction that every human carries within: the ego, which is the second klesha.

The second core insight in A New Earth is the good news. And that is that our normal state of mind can be transcended. In Hinduism this is called enlightenment, in Christianity it is called salvation and it is the end of suffering in Buddhism. Liberation and awakening are two other terms used to describe this process. This is the promise of Y.S. I.3 above.

In the past, there were a few enlightened beings that emerged: Buddha, Jesus, Lao Tzu. They have sown the seeds for future people to awaken from the dysfunction of their minds. The world was not yet ready for these teachings, although they were a vital and necessary part of human awakening. Their teachings, over time, became distorted and misinterpreted. Many things were added that had nothing to do with the original teachings, but were reflections of a fundamental misunderstanding. Teachings that pointed the way beyond the dysfunction of the human mind, the way out of the collective insanity , were distorted and became part of the insanity itself.

Tolle’s book teaches us the way out of that insanity. He describes how the title of his book came from a reference from the Bible that appears in both the Old Testament (Isaiah 65:17) and the New Testament (Revelation 21:1) which describes the collapse of the existing world order and the arising of “a new heaven and a new earth”. He points out that heaven is not meant as a location but refers to the realm of the inner consciousness. Earth is an outer manifestation of form, which is always a reflection of the inner.

The way out of that insanity is to understand the second Yoga Sutra; to be able to see clearly the fluctuations of the mind and to recognize the dysfunction that every human being carries within: the ego.

The Flowering of Human Consciousness

In A New Earth, Ekhart Tolle describes how a flower could be said to be the enlightened stage of growth for a plant.  That the stage of flowering in  a plant’s life cycle implies a discontinuity of development, a leap to an entirely new state of being and, most important, a lessening of materiality.  He suggests that flowers play an essential part in the evolution of human consciousness.  Seeing beauty in a flower could awaken humans, however briefly to the beauty that is an essential part of their own innermost being, their true nature.

The Buddha is said to have given a silent sermon once where he held up a flower and gazed at it.  After a while, one of those present, a monk called Mahakasyapa, began to smile.  He is said to be the only one who understood the sermon.  According to legend, that smile (realization) was handed down to 28 successive masters and much later became the origin of Zen.

Tolle also describes how  the transformation of a rock to a crystal and the evolutionary process that enabled some reptiles to grow feathers and take flight as stages of enlightenment. Flowers, crystals and birds have held special significance for humans.  This can be attributed to their beautiful and ethereal quality.  We can discern some sort of divine Presence in these special forms.

People have often meditated on flowers, crystals and birds, using them as a window into the formless realm of spirit.  These enlightened forms have played an important part in the evolution of human consciousness.  Think about it: the jewel in the lotus flower is a symbol of Buddhism, and a white dove signifies the Holy Spirit in Christianity.

In this book, Eckhart Tolle asks the following questions:  Are we ready for a transformation of consciousness, an inner flowering so radical and profound that compared to the flowering of plants, no matter how beautiful, is only a pale reflection?  Can human beings lose the density of their conditioned mind structures and become like crystals or precious stones, transparent to the light of consciousness?  Can they defy the gravitational pull of materialism and rise above identification with form that keeps the ego in place and condemns them to imprisonment within their own personality?  But then he describes the necessary stages and steps we can take towards awakening.  Although the journey is simple, it isn’t easy.  But don’t let that discourage you.  The process is much like the opening of a flower; it is slow, but progressive.  No progress on the path is ever lost.  The possibility of awakening is available to all of us.  As he says in his book:  “If you are reading this, you are already on the journey.”

The importance of bending your knee 90 degrees in the bent leg standing poses.

In the standing poses there are straight leg poses and bent leg poses. In order to work the legs, and all of the muscles and joints in their full ranges of motion, it is important to commit to the bend when doing bent leg poses and to keep the leg straight when doing straight leg poses.  Bent leg poses strengthen the hamstrings and stretch the quadriceps; straight leg poses do the opposite.  There are no “hybrid” poses in yoga.  If the leg isn’t fully committed to being bent in the bent leg poses, all of the muscles surrounding the knee are tensed and the knee takes the strain.  The same thing happens in the straight leg postures when the front leg is not fully straight.  Muscles work in reciprocal pairs; when one muscle contracts the opposite one stretches.

The bent leg poses are introduced in Warrior II, Warrior I and Side Angle pose.  These three poses all have the front knee bent 90 degrees.  In the beginning, it is difficult to bend the leg that deeply.  This can be due to tight hamstrings and adductors, tight quads and even a tight psoas in the back leg.  But the depth of the bend can be increased over time. And it does have to be consciously worked on.  As a teacher, I can often assess if a student is ready for some of the more advanced postures by looking at their ability to bend their knees and open their hips in the introductory standing poses.

It is important to know what you are actually doing in these poses.  That is why I often recommend that students practice in front of a mirror. We often deceive ourselves with what we think we are doing. In Sanskrit this is called Avidya, or not seeing things clearly.  It can be eye-opening to  see what you are actually  doing.

These introductory bent leg poses lead us into the more complex postures.  The external rotation and bent leg in Warrior II is related to the external rotation and bent leg in poses such as Cobbler’s Pose, One-legged Pigeon and any of the Lotus variations.

Warrior II

Watch this Yoga Journal video to see a 360 degree view of this pose.

In Side Angle Pose, it is hard to get the hand to the floor unless the front leg is bent 90 degrees.  The stretch on the side of the body in this pose helps us to elongate and mobilize the torso for twisting.  It lays the ground work for Revolved Side Angle Pose and forward bending postures such as Seated Tree and Revolved Seated Tree.

Side Angle

Watch this Yoga Journal video to see a 360 degree view of this pose.

Warrior I prepares us for back bends and for postures where one side of the body is forward bending and the other side of the body is back bending such as it is when doing a split.  One-legged King Pigeon Pose has some aspects of this in it, too, as well as the external rotation of the front leg.

Warrior I

Watch this Yoga Journal video to see a 360 degree view of this pose.

Being able to bend your knee 90 degrees in these standing poses does not mean that you have to be able to do it today, but know where you are and where you are going.  I have seen students who have been practicing yoga for years never learn to bend their front knee 90 degrees.  And they have wondered why they have not made progress in their strength and flexibility.

Parivrtta Parsva Konasana

Parivrtta means revolved, turned round or back.
Parsva means side or flank.
Kona is an angle.

This is revolved side angle pose. It is a deep twisting posture that forms the foundation of many other twisting poses such as Parsva Bakasana, Side Crow and Eka Pada Koundinyasana I, a twisting arm balance.  As we play with this pose this month, we will see where it leads us.

Parivrtta Parsva Konasana, is related to Side Angle Pose with a twist.  It is a harder pose than Revolved Triangle Pose because of the position of the bent knee.  The bent knee locks the hips in and makes the twist start down low in the back. In Revolved Triangle Pose, the twist is more evenly spread over the length of the spine. It is for this reason that Revolved Side Angle Pose can be therapeutic for the low back.  But, it is also a caution to allow the spine to twist organically and not to try to force the twist.  We will use Revolved Triangle as a prep to come into Revolved Side Angle Pose.

The nature of twisting poses is that they change energy.  If you are feeling stuck and lethargic, twists can help you get unstuck and energize you.  On the other hand if you’re feeling wound up, twists can release energy and calm you down.

The thing about twists, however, is that when we run into difficulty in this pose we literally run into our self. Our own body gets in our way. How do we sit with the energy of that? What does it bring up for us? Does the judge or critic show up? Do we get mad or frustrated with ourselves? Do we try to use our arms for leverage and try to force ourselves into some external, or preconceived idea about ourselves? This is the interesting, inner work of the pose.

Pay attention to your breath while practicing Parivrtta Parsva Konasana.  We generally use and exhalation to come into a twist and an inhalation to come out of one.  But, notice your breath while you are in the pose.  It will be a little more restricted , but can you still breathe easily?

How to make progress in your yoga practice.

The Two Wings of Practice

Students often ask me how long it is going to take them to be able to achieve a certain pose or goal they have set for themselves.  The short answer comes from Patthabi Jois and goes like this: “Practice, practice and all is coming.”

There is the literal interpretation of this aphorism that most yoga students want to believe and that is to keep practicing and you will achieve your goal.

However, Patthabi Jois does not say to keep practicing and your results are guaranteed.  By telling us to keep practicing he lets us know that wisdom can be accrued and through wisdom, discrimination.  The teachings of the Bhagavad Gita tell us to practice for the sake of practice but not be attached to the fruits of our practice.  It also warns us to not be attached to inaction.  This means that you are not guaranteed that if you practice a pose repeatedly that you will be able to achieve it.  It also means that if you don’t practice regularly, progress will be elusive.

How do you practice?  One way is to come to public yoga classes.  These are great, but you are at the whim of practicing whatever the teacher wants you to practice, not what you as an individual might need.  Also, sometimes teachers avoid certain poses for a variety of reasons.  Those poses might be beneficial for you.

It is important to practice with a teacher who doesn’t practice with you, but one who watches over you and corrects your postures, someone who has walked the path before you and knows the pitfalls and the problems.  We are blind to our own mistakes and sometimes we think we are doing something, but we are often, but not always, mistaken.  I know this has been true for me and the corrections I have received from a knowledgeable teacher have transformed my practice in a minute.  Practicing the same mistake over and over can take years to figure out and may even cause injury.

To make progress in your yoga postures, it is also important to develop your own practice.  Originally, yoga was taught individually because everybody has different needs due to their physical structure, habits and restrictions.  I find that I need to do certain poses, stretches, strengthening exercises, or particular  actions every day as part of my own "physical therapy" program.  This would be beneficial for all serious yoga students.  It takes a lot of discipline to do this, but it doesn’t have to take that much time; 10 to 20 minutes may be enough.  You may be surprised that getting to your mat can be hard, but once you are on your mat 20 minutes can easily stretch into an hour!

By practicing on your own, you start to find out what you don’t know.  You may start to realize that if no one is telling you what to do with your leg, foot or arm, you suddenly realize that it could be in a myriad of positions.  This is good!  The next time you take a class, you will pay more attention to those details that you thought you knew.

Just as a bird needs two wings to fly straight, you need two wings to your practice.  Working on your own is one wing of practice, the other is to practice with a knowledgeable teacher.    These are the two wings complement each other and help you make progress on the path of yoga.

Privates

Private yoga sessions are a good way to get some very individualized attention and take your understanding and practice to the next level. You can often learn something in one private session that might take you years to muddle through on your own. (That has happened to me!) It’s an opportunity to ask questions about your particular body and your poses without worrying that you are the only one who doesn’t understand or get something.Privates are often prohibitively expensive and not sustainable for the average yoga student. However, have you ever thought about sharing the cost of a yoga private with a friend or a small group of friends?Semi-privates are often a great way to dive into your most burning questions in a safe and non-threatening venue. If you split the cost of a private among 4 people, the cost ends up being only a few dollars more than a regular yoga class.I have some space in my schedule to book a few extra privates during the summer:

• Monday and Friday mornings at 7:30 or Thursdays at 11:30 at the Solebury Club.

• Tuesdays at 11:30 or 2:30 at Cornerstone in Doylestown.

• Fridays at 11:00 (at Cornerstone, New Hope)

• If an evening time works better for you, please e-mail for times. I currently have Tuesday and Wednesday evenings available. At my house.

For rates and to book a private email me here: mkeisen@verizon.net

First Annual Food/Restaurant Review

Hey, a yogi has to eat doesn’t she?

We were talking about food the other day in class and someone asked if what we talked about would be in my newsletter, so here goes:

Vegetarian restaurants:

Sprig & Vine in New Hope:Nice atmosphere, vegan, BYOB.

Blue Sage Vegetarian Grille in Southampton:Small, popular place.  Reservations are a must.  BYOB.

NellieRae’s Kitchen in Ottsville:A vegetarian café.  Only open for breakfast and lunch.I haven’t tried this place yet, but everyone says it’s good 

Italian Pizza Places:

Spuntino Wood Fired Pizzeria: Doylestown,  in the mall across from the Gap.Pizza in 90 seconds.  Individual sized pizzas only, gourmet toppings, sourdough crust.  Amazing!

Bacco Bistro in Doylestown:Extensive Italian menu.  One favorite pizza is the Drunken Brooklyn – vodka sauce and mozzarella.A friend of mine always uses these folks to cater his events.

Goombas in Colmar:
A Philly style joint.  You can’t eat there, it’s just take out.  14”, 18” and 30” pies.  Good homemade sauce.  The best sandwiches – but they are large.  My family likes the Porcetta alla Rabe – roast pork, aged provolone and broccoli rabe.  I like the Grilled Veggie - Grilled broccoli rabe, eggplant, onions, roasted peppers, mushrooms, sun-dried tomatoes, artichoke hearts, with aged provolone.And, of course, (although it’s not Italian) 

Jule’s Thin Crust in Doylestown:A great selection of different types of toppings.  Great for a slice or to take a whole pie home.

Japanese:

Ooka in Doylestown, of course!All-time favorite Japanese restaurant.  I'm not into the Hibachi tables.

Hachi in Chalfont:It's in the Giant Shopping center on 202.  It's a little further for us and its small, so I always make a reservation.  Because it's BYOB it's less expensive.

My Current Favorite Restaurant:

Maize in Perkasie:Small cozy place in Perkasie.  Great food, cooked to order.  It's slow; be prepared to be there for a while. Bring a good friend, your favorite beverage and enjoy! Want to add?

What does your split look like?

I had never liked working on splits. I knew that somehow, there was something wrong with my posture that I needed to fix before it really made any sense to work on it. For several years I had developed a flat lumbar spine. It felt like my spine was curved the wrong way and that made it impossible to extend one leg backward and one leg forward into a split. I could do symmetrical poses more easily, but asymmetrical poses just felt like something was wrong.

Here is me last year at the end of the MS City to Shore Bike Ride. It felt so good to hop into the Ocean after riding 75 miles, but I really didn’t want a picture of me looking like this. I hated my posture.

There is this concept of internal rotation of the legs when you are doing almost any yoga posture. It’s not that the legs are actually internally rotated; it’s just that our tendency is to externally rotate them so we internally rotate them to bring them into neutral alignment. It is much harder to maintain this alignment in back bending postures like Cobra, Up Dog, Bridge, Wheel, etc. especially because the back leg is out of sight and out of mind.

Cobra with the legs externally rotated. Notice the “Butt Fist” Too much engagement of the Gluteus Maximus turns the legs out. This creates compression in the sacrum and low back.

Cobra with refined engagement of the Glutes. Notice there is no clenching of the buttocks and the legs are in neutral and they are parallel to each other. This creates a broadening of the sacrum and low back.

I always have appreciated a teacher who would adjust, assist and correct me in my postures. I could tell that I was doing something wrong, but I couldn’t figure out what it was. Through the persistent feedback of my teachers and my dedication to working on it, I was able to change my posture and then the poses began to click.

Once I made it a priority to work on the neutral alignment of my legs, my posture actually changed. I developed a concave low back. This is one of the promises of a dedicated yoga practice. It took a long time and it was sometimes painful. When you change your posture, it is a little like orthodontics; the change happens gradually over a period of years. Not only do you change the way the bones line up but you change the muscles and nerves as well. The nerve stretching was the most challenging as it produced sensations of numbness and tingling. Fortunately, I worked with a very calm and reassuring physical therapist who promised me that this was all good.

I first started noticing my posture would change after swimming. Here is me before I swam. Notice my flat lumbar area.

This is me right after swimming. Notice my lumbar curve. I was astonished by this and wanted to learn how to maintain this posture. I felt so much better standing this way. But initially, it was painful.

Once my back shifted, my body began to “understand” postures like a split. But, more importantly, it changed my Tadasana, or neutral standing posture. It used to be painful to stand and I was very self conscious of my posture. It also changed poses like Crescent Warrior, Warrior I and Anjaneyasana. These poses are all precursors, or benchmarks to being able to do a split.  It’s funny, I was looking for “before” pictures of me in Warrior I and I couldn’t find any. I really didn’t want any pictures taken of me then. But, now I wish I had them for comparison.  I never could bend my front leg 90 degrees or straighten my back leg before.

Hanumanasana or Split.

The feature pose this month is Hanumanasana, or a yoga split. The pose is named after Hanuman, a monkey god from the Hindu epic, the Ramayana.  We will be discussing Hanuman’s story as we work on our splits.  Hanuman is a devotee of Prince Rama whose wife, Sita is abducted by the demon king Ravana. Hanuman makes an enormous leap across the Indian Ocean, from the Southeastern tip of India to Sri Lanka, in order to rescue Sita from Ravana. His devotional leap is memorialized in this yoga posture.

Hanuman

It seems that yogis are divided into 2 groups over this pose, those who can do the pose and those who can’t. The first group generally likes it. Not so with the second group. Groans will be heard from those who don’t like it whenever this pose is being practiced in class. Notice I said practiced and not performed. One of the keys to any pose is practicing it, not coveting it and not avoiding it. Hanuman didn’t care how he looked as he stretched his legs to Lanka to rescue Sita. And since he did rescue Sita does it matter whether he took one leap or several?

This first week, in Hanumanasana let’s just take a good look at where we are in the pose. It doesn’t matter if all your split is a runner’s stretch (back knee on the floor and the front leg straight). In fact, you will still be reaping the benefits of the pose as long as you work honestly where you are.  Remember, one of the signs of an advanced practitioner is one who knows how to modify his/her pose.

Stages: Working where you are.

Stages: almost there

According to “Light On Yoga” this pose: …helps to cure sciatica and other defects of the legs. It tones the leg muscles, keeps the legs in condition and if practiced regularly is recommended for runners and sprinters. It relaxes and strengthens the abductor muscles of the thighs.”  Let’s practice this pose together for a month and see what happens.

What Does Your Side Angle Pose Look Like?

The Bhagavad Gita gives us 2 very literal definitions of yoga.  The first one is that yoga is skill in action.  BG 2.50.  And the other is that yoga is equanimity of mind.  BG 2.48.

One of the best ways to learn more about your yoga poses is by either practicing in front of a mirror, or having someone take a picture of you in a pose.  This is often very humbling.  We are often not as advanced as we think we are!  But it is a great way to learn.  Awareness is always the first step in growth.  Remember that yoga is equanimity of mind.

Then compare your pose to an example of a well done posture.  Be wary of some of the poses you find online on Facebook or Instagram.  While you may find some very correctly executed postures, there are many more not so well executed.  I recommend looking in Light on Yoga, or online at www.yogajournal.com.  I often refer to the pictures in Yoga Resource by Darren Rhodes.  Unfortunately it is out of print, so it is very expensive to order.

Since Side Angle Pose is a building block towards Bird of Paradise, let’s look at that. Take a picture of yourself in Side Angle pose from the front and from your head side.  Now compare it to this as an example:

How does your pose measure up?  Can you look at yourself critically but lovingly?   Don’t beat yourself up by how bad your pose might look to you.  Instead, look at what you are doing that is good and work to build on that.  Look at where you need to move to.  Knowing where you are helps you move towards where you want to be.

Sometimes students look at a pose and see certain things that they attach importance to, such as the hand on the floor in Side Angle Pose.  While the hand on the floor is a goal, you have to first look at the skill of that action.

The full version of Side Angle Pose is with the front knee bent 90 degrees, the knee over the ankle and the front thigh is parallel to the floor.  The upper side of the body should be a straight line from the outer edge of the back foot up to the tips of the fingers of the top hand.

But, you also have to look at the pose from the front.  The body should be very 2 dimensional from the front.  That means that the outer buttock of the front leg should be in line with the outer knee.  Not winging out.

In this view, you can see that my buttocks are winging out and my chest is facing slightly downward rather than shining out to the side.  This usually happens when a student prioritizes getting the hand to the floor over the form of the pose.

In this view, I have the outer buttock of my front leg in line with the outer knee and my chest is facing sideways. This is skillful action

If I didn’t have the flexibility to get my hand to the floor, I would be better off placing my hand on a block and turning my chest open.  This is where the second definition of yoga comes in:  Yoga is equanimity of mind. (BG 2.48)  Can I prioritize skillful action?  Can I find equanimity in backing off from grasping for the full pose until I develop the skill to enter the pose gracefully?